SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Crocus</title>

</head>

Crocus

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genus of flowers. For the myth of the youth Crocus who was turned into a crocus, see <a href="Crocus_(mythology)" title="Crocus (mythology)">Crocus (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Crocus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crocus (disambiguation)">Crocus (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Crocus

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">Crocus sativus</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kingdom:

</td>

<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Clade:

</td>

<td><a href="Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Order:

</td>

<td><a href="Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Family:

</td>

<td><a href="Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Subfamily:

</td>

<td><a href="Crocoideae" title="Crocoideae">Crocoideae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Tribe:

</td>

<td><a href="Ixieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixieae">Ixieae</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Genus:

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">Crocus sativus</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Sections</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<ul><li>Crocus</li>

<li>Nudiscapus</li></ul>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWCLSPF2022-1">[1]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<ul><li>Safran Medik.</li>

<li>Geanthus Raf.</li>

<li>Crociris Schur</li></ul>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1289143401">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media(max-width:640px){body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox{width:100%!important}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .infobox th{width:50%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow2 td{padding:2px 10px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Crocus (/ˈkroʊkəs/; plural: crocuses or croci) is a <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of seasonal <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the family <a href="Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a> (iris family) comprising about 100 <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennials</a> growing from <a href="Corm" title="Corm">corms</a>. They are low growing plants, whose flower stems remain underground, that bear relatively large white, yellow, orange or purple flowers and then become dormant after flowering. Many are cultivated for their flowers, appearing in autumn, winter, or spring. The flowers close at night and in overcast weather conditions. The crocus has been known throughout recorded history, mainly as the source of <a href="Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>. Saffron is obtained from the dried <a href="Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> of <a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">Crocus sativus</a>, an autumn-blooming <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>. It is valued as a <a href="Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> and <a href="Dye" title="Dye">dyestuff</a>, and is one of the most expensive spices in the world. Iran is the center of saffron production. Crocuses are <a href="Native_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plant">native</a> to woodland, scrub, and meadows from sea level to <a href="Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> from the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, through <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, central and southern <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the islands of the <a href="Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and across <a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in western <a href="China" title="China">China</a>. Crocuses may be propagated from seed or from daughter cormels formed on the corm, that eventually produce mature plants. They arrived in Europe from Turkey in the 16th century and became valued as an <a href="Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental</a> flowering plant.

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div>

Crocus display the general characteristics of family <a href="Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a>, which include basal cauline (arising from the aerial stem) leaves that sheath the stem base, <a href="Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> flowers that are relatively large and showy, the perianth petaloid with two whorls of three tepals each and septal nectaries. The flowers have three stamens and a gynoecium of three united carpels and an inferior ovary, three locules and axile placentation with fruit that is a loculicidal capsule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998295–296-2">[2]</a>

Crocus is an <a href="Acaulescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Acaulescent">acaulescent</a> (lacking a visible lower stem above ground) diminutive seasonal cormous (growing from <a href="Corm" title="Corm">corms</a>) <a href="Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">herbaceous perennial</a> <a href="Geophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophytic">geophytic</a> genus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeerow201223-3">[3]</a> The corms are symmetrical and <a href="Globose" class="mw-redirect" title="Globose">globose</a> or <a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms#oblate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">oblate</a> (round in shape with flatted tops and bottoms), and are covered with tunic leaves that are fibrous, membranous or <a href="Coriaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriaceous">coriaceous</a> (leathery). The corms produce fibrous <a href="Root" title="Root">roots</a>, and contractile roots which adjust the corms depth in the soil, which may be pulled as deep as 20 centimetres (8 in) into the soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004-5">[5]</a> The roots appear randomly from the lower part of the corm, but in a few species, from a basal ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998297-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaves">Leaves</h3></div>

Plants produce several basal linear bifacial green <a href="Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> that arise from the corms. These are <a href="Adaxial_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaxial (botany)">adaxially</a> (upper surface facing axis) flat or channelled with pale median stripes, while the opposite (abaxial) surface is strongly keeled, with two grooves on either side. The leaves have a distinctive shape in cross-section, being boat-shaped with two lateral arms with margins recurved inwardly towards the central ridged keel, forming the sides of the "boat". The keel may be square or rectangular, but is lacking in <a href="Crocus_carpetanus" title="Crocus carpetanus">C. carpetanus</a>. The pale central stripe is caused by <a href="Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">parenchymatous</a> cells which lack <a href="Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> and may contain air spaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudallMathew1990-7">[7]</a> The leaves are from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>5 to 30 millimetres (3⁄16 to 1+3⁄16 in) wide and 10 to 118 centimetres (4 to 46 in) long. The leaf-like <a href="Bracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracts">bracts</a> are membranous, while the smaller bracteoles are either membranous or absent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004-5">[5]</a> The leaf bases are surrounded by up to 5 membranous sheaths called <a href="Cataphylls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphylls">cataphylls</a>, a specialised leaf. The bases of the cataphylls form the corm tunic, and their number varies from 3 to 6, and enclose the true leaves (euphylls), bracts, bracteoles and flowering stalk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2015-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers">Flowers</h3></div>

The number of <a href="Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncles</a> (<a href="Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> <a href="Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>) vary from one to several and remain underground, emerging only at the fruiting stage, bearing flowers that are solitary or several, so that a true <a href="Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scape</a> is absent. The flowers are <a href="Pedicellate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicellate">pedicellate</a> (attached to the peduncle by a short subterranean pedicel stalk). The pedicel is sometimes subtended (below pedicel) by a membranous, sheathing <a href="Prophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophyll">prophyll</a> (leaf-like structure).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004-5">[5]</a>

The showy, salver to cup-shaped, single or clustered <a href="Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a> flowers taper off into a narrow tube; the flowers emerge from the ground, and can be white, yellow, lilac to dark purple, or <a href="Variegation" title="Variegation">variegated</a> in <a href="Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>. The flower tube is long, cylindrical and slender, expanding apically. The <a href="Floral_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral tube">floral tube</a> is long and narrow with 6 lobes in 2 <a href="Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a>. The <a href="Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> is 3+3 (3 sepals+3 petals) and <a href="Gamophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamophyllous">gamophyllous</a> (with fused segments). The <a href="Tepal" title="Tepal">tepal</a> whorls are similar, equal or subequal with a smaller inner whorl, and cupped to outspread. The bracts are membranous, but the inner ones are sometimes lacking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997-10">[10]</a>

The 3 <a href="Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> are erect and linear and inserted in the throat of the perianth tube, with anthers shorter than the filaments. <a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a> grains are inaperturate (apertures absent) but sometimes spiraperturate (spiral shaped).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998307-11">[11]</a> Each flower has a single <a href="Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">style</a> which is <a href="Exserted" class="mw-redirect" title="Exserted">exserted</a> (projecting beyond the <a href="Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> tube) and slender distally with three to many branches. The branches are highly variable, being short or long, and simple, bifurcate (dividing in two) or multifid and sometimes distally flattened. The inferior <a href="Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> has 3 carpels with <a href="Axile_placentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axile placentation">axile placentation</a>. It remains underground, and as the <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> ripen, the <a href="Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicel</a> (stem of the flower) grows longer so the <a href="Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is above the soil surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliMathew2011-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_and_seed">Fruit and seed</h3></div>

The fruit is a small membranous <a href="Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsule</a>, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid in shape and the many <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are globose to ellipsoid. The seed surface is highly variable, including <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papillate" class="extiw external" title="wikt:papillate">papillate</a> (covered in small protuberances), <a href="Digitiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitiform">digitiform</a> (finger-like) and other epidermal cell types. In some species the seeds are <a href="Arillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arillate">arillate</a>, with fleshy appendages. Crocus seeds have both inner and outer <a href="Seed#seed_coat" title="Seed">integuments</a> and in some species the outer epidermis may display long papillae. <a href="Embryo-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo-sac">Embryo-sac</a> development is Polygonum type. <a href="Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">Dehiscence</a> (splitting of the capsule to release the seed) is of the <a href="Loculicidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Loculicidal">loculicidal</a> type in which it splits through the wall of the locules leaving the septa that separate them intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998306,_309–310-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karyology">Karyology</h3></div>

Crocus has extensive <a href="Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">aneuploidy</a> (abnormal number of chromosomes), with some uncertainty as to the base <a href="Chromosome_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome number">number of chromosomes</a>. The chromosome numbers shows extreme variability, ranging from 2n=6 to 2n=70 even within a single species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998307-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h3></div>

The Iridaceae contain a wide range of <a href="Phenolic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds">phenolic compounds</a>. However, <a href="6-Hydroxyflavone" title="6-Hydroxyflavone">6-Hydroxyflavones</a> are found only in Crocus, which is also <a href="Characterised" class="mw-redirect" title="Characterised">characterised</a> by the presence of <a href="Crocin" title="Crocin">crocins</a>, water-soluble yellow <a href="Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, in the floral tissues. Crocin is a <a href="Diester" class="mw-redirect" title="Diester">diester</a> of <a href="Crocetin" title="Crocetin">crocetin</a>, responsible for the colour of the styles and stigma of C. sativus, and hence saffron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCBI2022a-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCBI2022b-17">[17]</a> A few species contain <a href="Mangiferin" title="Mangiferin">mangiferin</a>, a glucosylxanthone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998311-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohtashami_et_al2021-19">[19]</a>

While the flowers may vary dramatically between species, there is little variation in the leaves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2022-20">[20]</a> but sufficient variability in corm tunics that they may be used as an aid in differentiating <a href="Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEServiss_et_al2016-21">[21]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:791px;max-width:791px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Crocus structures</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Corm" title="Corm">Corms</a> with net-like papery tunic</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Closed flower with leaves</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flower with 3 stamens surrounding central style and stigma</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">3 stamens and style</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Central stigma in opening flower</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Exserted style & trifid stigma projecting above corolla</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lateral view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Capsules (seedpods) with seeds</div></div></div></div></div>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Croci oriental <a href="Tractatus_de_Herbis" title="Tractatus de Herbis">Tractatus de Herbis</a> ca. 1300–1330</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden">]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Crocuses <a href="John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> 1597</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crocuses <a href="Hortus_Eystettensis" title="Hortus Eystettensis">Hortus Eystettensis</a> 1613</div></div></div></div></div>

The crocus was well known to the ancients,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaiolaCanini2010-22">[22]</a> being described at least as early as <a href="Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (c. 371 – c. 287 BC),<a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegbi1989-25">[24]</a> and was introduced into Britain by the Romans, where the saffron crocus was used as a <a href="Dyestuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyestuff">dyestuff</a>. It was reintroduced into Western Europe by the <a href="Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>. The crocus is mentioned in mediaeval and later <a href="Herbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbals">herbals</a>, one of the earliest being the 14th century <a href="Tractatus_de_Herbis" title="Tractatus de Herbis">Tractatus de Herbis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBL2022-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord2005111-27">[26]</a> <a href="William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (1548) states that the crocus is referred to as saffron in English, implying that only C. sativus was known at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1548-28">[27]</a> However, by 1597 <a href="John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> writes of "sundry sorts" and uses the term saffron and crocus as interchangeable. He included both spring and autumn flowering crocus, but distinguished Wild Saffron (Crocus) from Meadow Saffron (<a href="Colchicum" title="Colchicum">Colchicum</a>). He described eleven forms. Some of his specimens were obtained from <a href="Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Clusius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1597-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a> In the following century, <a href="John_Parkinson_(botanist)" title="John Parkinson (botanist)">John Parkinson</a> in a more detailed account was more careful to include separate chapters for Colchicum, with the common name of meadow saffron, from Crocus or saffron. Parkinson (1656) states that there are "divers sorts of saffrons" describing 27 spring flowering plants and 4 autumn flowering ones, pointing out that only one of those was the true saffron crocus, which he called Crocus verus sativus autumnalis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1656-31">[30]</a> Similar accounts are found in continental European herbals, including those of <a href="Matthias_de_l'Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">l'Obel</a> in <a href="Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> (1576)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEl'Obel1576-32">[31]</a> and <a href="Basilius_Besler" title="Basilius Besler">Besler</a>'s <a href="Hortus_Eystettensis" title="Hortus Eystettensis">Hortus Eystettensis</a> in <a href="Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (1613).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesler1640-33">[32]</a>

The genus Crocus was first formally described by <a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753, with three <a href="Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>, and two species, <a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">C. sativus</a> (<a href="Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>), <a href="Var." class="mw-redirect" title="Var.">var.</a> officinalis (now treated as a synonym of C. sativus) and var. vernus (now <a href="Crocus_vernus" title="Crocus vernus">C. vernus</a>) and C. bulbocodium (now <a href="Romulea_bulbocodium" title="Romulea bulbocodium">Romulea bulbocodium</a>). Thus Linnaeus recognised two taxa that are accepted as separate species in modern classifications, one vernal and one autumnal crocus, but incorrectly assumed they were only varieties of a single species, while his second species was actually from a closely related genus that was only recognised later (1772).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaratti1772-34">[33]</a> However, a subsequent re-examination of Linnaeus's specimens suggested the presence of several different species that he did not recognise as being separate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeruzzi_et_al2013-35">[34]</a> <a href="Linnaeus'_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus' system">Linnaeus' system</a>, based on sexual characteristics, Crocus was classified as Triandra Monogynia (Three <a href="Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, Single <a href="Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">pistil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753-36">[35]</a> Linnaeus's system was supplanted by the "natural" system which used a <a href="Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> of <a href="Taxonomic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic ranks">taxonomic ranks</a> based on weighting of the importance of structural characteristics of the plant. <a href="Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Jussieu</a> (1789) placed the genus Crocus in his Ordo (<a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>) Irides or Les iris, as a member of the class Stamina epigyna (stamens inserted above the ovary) as part of the <a href="Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledons</a>, the first level of the division of the <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789-37">[36]</a>

One of the first monographs of the genus appeared in 1809, by <a href="Adrian_Hardy_Haworth" title="Adrian Hardy Haworth">Haworth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820-38">[37]</a> followed in 1829 by that of <a href="Joseph_Sabine" title="Joseph Sabine">Sabine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabine1830-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a> and <a href="William_Herbert_(botanist)" title="William Herbert (botanist)">Herbert</a> in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert1847-40">[39]</a> In 1853, <a href="John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley</a> continued the placement of Crocus as one of 53 genera in <a href="Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a>, which he included in a higher order of monocotyledons, the Narcissales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853161-41">[40]</a> <a href="John_Gilbert_Baker" title="John Gilbert Baker">Baker</a> published a monograph on the genus in 1874, adopting a very different schema to that of Herbert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1874-42">[41]</a> In 1883, <a href="Bentham_%26_Hooker_system" title="Bentham & Hooker system">Bentham and Hooker</a> described the Irideae (Iridaceae) as having more than 700 species, and divided it into 3 tribes and further into subtribes. <a href="Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a> Sysyrinchieae as having 2 subtribes, including Ixieae. The latter was <a href="Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscribed</a> with four genera, Crocus, <a href="Syringodea" title="Syringodea">Syringodea</a>, Galaxia (<a href="Moraea" title="Moraea">Moraea</a>) and <a href="Romulea" title="Romulea">Romulea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1883693-43">[42]</a> This circumscription has remained stable since, with the exception of Moraea which properly belongs in a separate tribe. The most influential monograph of the nineteenth century was that of <a href="George_Maw" class="mw-redirect" title="George Maw">Maw</a> (1886), which forms the basis of modern understanding of the genus. Maw built on the work of Herbert, rejecting Baker's classification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw188622-44">[43]</a> The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods in the late twentieth century has shown that the Iridaceae properly belong within the order <a href="Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998-45">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botanical_illustration">Botanical illustration</h3></div>

The scientific study of the genus in the late eighteenth century was accompanied by detailed descriptions with <a href="Botanical_illustration" title="Botanical illustration">Botanical illustrations</a>, such as those of <a href="William_Curtis" title="William Curtis">William Curtis</a> (1787) and <a href="John_Sims_(taxonomist)" title="John Sims (taxonomist)">Sims</a> (1803),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1803-46">[45]</a> that appeared in <a href="Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a>, with illustrations by <a href="Sydenham_Edwards" title="Sydenham Edwards">Sydenham Edwards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2001-47">[46]</a> Other illustrations are found in <a href="Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> such as those of <a href="Adrian_Hardy_Haworth" title="Adrian Hardy Haworth">Haworth</a> (1809)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820-38">[37]</a> and <a href="Joseph_Sabine" title="Joseph Sabine">Sabine</a> (1830), illustrated by <a href="Charles_John_Robertson" title="Charles John Robertson">Charles John Robertson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabine1830-39">[38]</a> The largest collection is found in the most comprehensive monograph, that of Maw (1886).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw1886-48">[47]</a> Other sources include the portfolios of plates, such as the survey of the plants of France by <a href="Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Masclef" title="Amédée Masclef">Masclef</a> (1891). At that time only C. sativus and C. vernus were included in the <a href="Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a> of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasclef1890–1893-49">[48]</a>

<div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:542px;max-width:542px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Botanical illustration</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crocus <a href="Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a> 1787</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Crocus_angustifolius" title="Crocus angustifolius">C. angustifolius</a> <a href="Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a> 1803</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crocus luteus <a href="Adrian_Hardy_Haworth" title="Adrian Hardy Haworth">A Haworth</a> 1809</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crocus bouquet of 19 species <a href="Joseph_Sabine" title="Joseph Sabine">Sabine</a> 1830</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">C. iridiflorus <a href="George_Maw" class="mw-redirect" title="George Maw">Maw</a> 1886</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div>

The genus Crocus belongs to the <a href="Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocot</a> <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a> (iris family), specifically the large subfamily <a href="Crocoideae" title="Crocoideae">Crocoideae</a>. Within that subfamily, crocus is placed on the <a href="Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a>, Ixieae (synonym Croceae),<a href="#cite_note-52">[b]</a> one of five. The Ixieae are then subdivided into subtribes, with the genera Crocus, <a href="Romulea" title="Romulea">Romulea</a> and <a href="Syringodea" title="Syringodea">Syringodea</a> forming subtribe Romuleinae. The Romuleinae have been characterised within the Ixieae by progressively reduced aerial stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998312-53">[51]</a> solitary flowers on the stem branches and woody tunics on the corms. They also often have divided style branches. However, Crocus corm tunics are fibrous and membranous rather than woody as in Syringodea. Also, Crocus has a ridged and often keeled abaxial leaf surface, while that of Syringodea is rounded, and the midline adaxial translucency of Crocus is lacking in Syringodea. <a href="Romulea" title="Romulea">Romulea</a> is principally distinguished from the other two genera by generally having aerial stems or at least an ovary at ground level, compared with the other acaulescent genera, other differences include unifacial rather than bifacial leaves and the pollen structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsRix198931-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998312-53">[51]</a>

Within the Romuleinae, Crocus is a <a href="Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to Syringodea, the two genera forming a sister group to Romulea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al2006-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3></div>

The genus Crocus consists of about 200 accepted species, which continue to increase, and has undergone a large number of <a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> classifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a> The genus has often been divided into <a href="Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">sections</a>, beginning with that of Haworth (1809)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820-38">[37]</a> who described two sections based on the presence or absence of hairs in the throat of the flower, while Sabine was the first to realise the importance of the presence or absence of a basal spathe (prophyll) in dividing the genus into two sections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabine1830-39">[38]</a> a practice followed by Herbert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert1847-40">[39]</a> However, Sabine's practice of using trinomials for <a href="Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> such as C. sulphureus concolor is no longer accepted, although Herbert somewhat similarly used varieties and subvarieties, e.g. C. vernus var.1 Communis subvar. 1. Obovatus. Herbert also used geographical distribution as a basis of classification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a> By the late 19th century <a href="George_Maw" class="mw-redirect" title="George Maw">Maw</a> (1886),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw1886-48">[47]</a> following Herbert, subdivided the genus into two divisions, the Involucrati and the Nudiflori, and then further divided it into six sections and lastly by flowering times (spring or autumn). Although rejecting the concept of subvarieties, he placed even more emphasis on geography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew1986-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERix2008-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a>

The most widely accepted system, that proposed by <a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Brian Mathew</a> in 1982<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew1983-58">[56]</a> was based on Maw's system, but with less emphasis on flowering times. This mainly depended on three character states:

<ul><li>the presence or absence of a prophyll (a basal <a href="Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathe</a>);</li>

<li>the aspect of the <a href="Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">style</a>;</li>

<li>the <a href="Corm" title="Corm">corm</a> tunic.</li></ul>

and included 81 species, however, one of these, Crocus medius was later recognized as a <a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of <a href="Crocus_nudiflorus" title="Crocus nudiflorus">Crocus nudiflorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a>

The genus, as described by Mathew, consisted of two subgenera, Crocirus (monotypic for <a href="Crocus_banaticus" title="Crocus banaticus">Crocus banaticus</a>) and Crocus including the remainder of the species, based on whether the <a href="Anthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthers">anthers</a> were introrse or extrorse (<a href="Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscence</a> directed towards or away from centre of flower) respectively. Subgenus Crocus was then divided into two sections, Crocus and Nudiscapus, based on the presence or absence of the prophyll. Each section was then further divided into six <a href="Series_(botany)" title="Series (botany)">series</a> of Crocus and nine of Nudiscapus. These series were defined by the division of the style, the corm tunic, flowering time, leaf structure, presence of a <a href="Bracteole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracteole">bracteole</a> and anther colour. Mathew also introduced the concept of <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, including 50 in all, by giving similar but different <a href="Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">forms</a> subspecies status if geographically separated, resulting in about 140 distinct taxa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a> The seven species and ten subspecies discovered since then have been integrated into revisions of this classification, though new species continue to be described,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaca_et_al2020-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiftci_et_al2020-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandelovic_et_al2012-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a> leading to estimates of at least 200 species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2015-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speciation">Speciation</h4></div>

Crocus populations have extremely high infra-specific variability with a very diverse spectrum of morphological and phenotypical varieties, while many individual specimens from different species may closely resemble each other. Based on such morphological differences between isolated populations many new species have been named, but without a definition of new species based on molecular and/or karyological information, species can not be confirmed, creating difficulties in determining <a href="Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> and hence the exact number of species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2016-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoma-Marzio_et_al2018-64">[62]</a> The situation is even more complex once <a href="Hybridisation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridisation (biology)">hybridisation</a> (combination of taxa) and <a href="Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> (transfer of genetic material) are considered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisonLarson2014-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molecular_phylogeny">Molecular phylogeny</h4></div>

The availability of <a href="Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a> methods revealed problems with the traditional systems based on <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> alone. The first analysis of the complete genus was carried out by Mathew and colleagues in 2008 using <a href="Nucleotide_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide sequences">nucleotide sequences</a> from <a href="Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a> regions. In particular, the DNA data suggest there are no grounds for isolating C. banaticus in its own subgenus Crociris, though it is a unique species in the genus. Because it has a prophyll at the base of the pedicel, it therefore would fall within section Crocus, although its exact relationship to the rest of the subgenus remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a>

Of the 15 series in the Mathew scheme, only seven were <a href="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, and in particular the largest series, Biflori and Reticulati, which include a third of all species, were non-monophyletic. Another anomalous species, <a href="Crocus_baytopiorum" title="Crocus baytopiorum">C. baytopiorum</a>, should now be placed in a series of its own, series Baytopi. C. gargaricus subsp. herbertii has been raised to species status, as C. herbertii. The autumn-flowering C. longiflorus, the <a href="Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of series Longiflori (long regarded by Mathew as "a disparate assemblage"), appeared to lie within series Verni. In addition, the position of C. malyi was currently unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a>

DNA analysis and morphological studies suggest further that series Reticulati, Biflori and Speciosi are "probably inseparable", C. adanensis and C. caspius should probably be removed from Biflori, C. adanensis falls in a clade with C. paschei as a sister group to the species of series Flavi and C. caspius appears to be sister to the species of series Orientales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a>

The study showed "no support for a system of sections as currently defined", although, despite the many inconsistencies between Mathew's 1982 classification and the current hypothesis, "the main assignment of species to the sections and series of that system is actually supported". The authors state, "further studies are required before any firm decisions about a hierarchical system of classification can be considered" and conclude "future re-classification is likely to involve all infrageneric levels, subgenera, sections and series".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew_et_al2009-66">[64]</a> A further study, using the <a href="Internal_transcribed_spacer" title="Internal transcribed spacer">internal transcribed spacer</a> region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), together with a <a href="Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> marker, broadly confirmed these findings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a>

Crocus forms a monophyletic <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, with a basal <a href="Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a> of four subclades. The first clade (A) corresponding to section Crocus, but including C. sieberi and several closely related species (originally included in section Nudiscapus series Reticulati). The remaining three clades (B-D) include all the remaining species of section Nudiscapus. Of these, B and C are small, corresponding to series Orientales and Carpetani respectively, with all remaining series in the large D clade. The exception is C. caspius, originally in series Biflori, which <a href="Segregate_(taxonomy)" title="Segregate (taxonomy)">segregates</a> in clade B. Thus, although division of the genus into two sections is well supported, no single morphological character defines these two groups. The C. sieberi group are assumed to have lost their prophyll secondarily. Of the series, eight could be shown to be monophyletic; Crocus, Kotschyani and Scardici (section Crocus) and Aleppici, Carpetani, Laevigati, Orientalis and Speciosi (section Nudiscapus). Flowering season did not correspond to molecular groupings and nor did any of the previously used morphological characteristics, indicating a high degree of <a href="Homoplasy" title="Homoplasy">homoplasy</a>, in which traits are gained or lost independently in different lineages. The remainder of the series could not be supported as natural groupings. Mathew's concept of subspecies status within C. biflorus could not be supported, each being considered a separate species, resulting in the genus having at least 150 species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a>

A more detailed molecular and morphological study of series Verni (section Crocus) allowed it to be better characterised and circumscribed, as well as the closely related series Longiflori. Series Verni sensu Mathew was found to consist of two groups, the first being C. vernus sensu Mathew and the other consisting of C. etruscus, ilvensis, kosaninii and longiflorus. The taxonomic status of C. vernus had been uncertain for some time, given the observation that the name was more properly applied to C. albiflorus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeruzzi_et_al2013-35">[34]</a> requiring a new designation of C. neapolitanus for those previously known as C. vernus. Subsequently C. vernus was split into 5 separate species. The incorporation of C. longiflorus into series Verni resulted in making series Longiflori no longer a legitimate taxonomic unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2015-62">[60]</a>

In section Nudiscapus, series Reticulati was polyphyletic with species intermingled with series Biflori and Speciosi, requiring a recircumscription, confining Reticulati to 8 species, to obtain monophyly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2014-67">[65]</a> Among the thereby displaced species, are a number of very closely related taxa, referred to as the Crocus sieberi aggregate, which has been proposed as a new series Sieberi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">[29]</a> Other new series, such as Isauri and Lyciotauri, continue to be created out of the Biflori series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2014-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2013-69">[67]</a>

Mathew's circumscription of Crocus introduced the rank of subspecies, of which the largest number (14) were those of Crocus biflorus <a href="Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Miller</a>, the type species of series Biflori, a number which continued to grow. Molecular methods identified these as a <a href="Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a> assemblage rather than closely related subordinate infraspecific taxa. This necessitated a complete taxonomic revision of series Biflori, elevating each subspecies to species status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2016-63">[61]</a> A similar issue occurs with C. reticulatus sensu Mathew, who created two subspecies, resulting in 9 newly defined species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2014-67">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sections_and_species">Sections and species</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_Crocus_species" title="List of Crocus species">List of Crocus species</a></div>

The classification of Brian Mathew (1982), as amended in 2009 divides the genus into two sections, further divided by series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew_et_al2009-66">[64]</a> The number of series, continues to evolve.

<ul><li>Section Crocus B.Mathew</li></ul>

Species with a basal <a href="Prophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophyll">prophyll</a>. <a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> <a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">C. sativus</a> L.

<dl><dd>6 series</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Section Nudiscapus B.Mathew</li></ul>

Species without a basal prophyll. <a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> <a href="Crocus_reticulatus" title="Crocus reticulatus">C. reticulatus</a> <a href="Stev." class="mw-redirect" title="Stev.">Stev.</a> ex <a href="Johann_Friedrich_Adam" title="Johann Friedrich Adam">Adams</a>

<dl><dd>9 series</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarly_named_species">Similarly named species</h3></div>

Some crocus species, known as "autumn crocus", flower in late summer and autumn, during (autumnal) rains, after summer's heat and drought. The name autumn crocus is also often used as a common name for <a href="Colchicum" title="Colchicum">Colchicum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman1986-70">[68]</a> which is not a true crocus but in its own family (<a href="Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a>) in the lily order <a href="Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>. The plants are toxic, but have medicinal uses. Colchicum are also known as meadow saffron, though true <a href="Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> is not toxic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGBIF2022-71">[69]</a> Crocus species have three stamens while Colchicum species have six;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008278-72">[70]</a> crocus have one style, while Colchicum have three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowles1985154-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997-10">[10]</a>

Some <a href="Pulsatilla" title="Pulsatilla">Pulsatilla</a> species are also called "prairie crocus" (previously <a href="Pulsatilla_patens" title="Pulsatilla patens">Anemone patens</a>) or "wild crocus", but they belong to the buttercup family (<a href="Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkelRoosa20097-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelly1994-75">[73]</a> Pulsatilla species, which are commonly called pasqueflowers, unlike crocuses have <a href="Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, the foliage is covered with long soft hairs, and the flowers are produced on above-ground stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWencaiBartholomew2004-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008843-77">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div>

"Crocus", the name of the genus, is <a href="Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> (late 14th century) and also denotes saffron. It is derived via Latin crocus from the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> κρόκος (krokos),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1996a-78">[76]</a> which is itself probably a <a href="Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a> from a <a href="Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic language</a>, related to <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> כרכום karkōm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurstHyam1995134-79">[77]</a> <a href="Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> ܟܟܘܪܟܟܡܡܐ kurkama, and <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> كركم kurkum, meaning saffron (Crocus sativus), "saffron yellow" or <a href="Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> (see <a href="Curcuma" title="Curcuma">Curcuma</a>), another yellow dye.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2022-80">[78]</a> The word ultimately traces back to the <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> kunkumam (कुङ्कुमं) for "saffron". The English name is a learned 16th-century adoption from the Latin safranum, but Old English already had croh for saffron, introduced by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw1886-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2022-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharifi2010-82">[80]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>

Crocuses are distributed from the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, from the <a href="Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, through central and southern <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the islands of the <a href="Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and across <a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central</a> and <a href="Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">southwest Asia</a> to <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in western <a href="China" title="China">China</a>, but most species are restricted to Turkey and <a href="Asia-Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the <a href="Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, with the <a href="Balkans#Balkan_Peninsula" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a> having the largest number of species (at least 31),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandelovic_et_al2012-61">[59]</a> forming the <a href="Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a>, however they are widely <a href="Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWCLSPF2022-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlora_Italiana2022-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1985-84">[82]</a> The distribution of species is described over five contiguous areas from west to east (see <a href="#Distribution">map</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a>

<div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:832px;max-width:832px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:467px;max-width:467px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:361px;max-width:361px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Distribution map of 16 species of genus Crocus in Europe and Asia</div></div></div></div>

Habitats range from sea level to as high as subalpine altitudes, and in a wide range of habitats from woodlands to meadows and deserts, often on stony mountain slopes with good drainage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201119-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2022-20">[20]</a> The majority of species are native to areas with cold winters and hot summers with little rain, and active growth is typically from fall to mid-spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020-14">[14]</a> The natural habitats of crocus species are threatened by human activities, including urbanization, industrialization, and other land disturbances and recreational uses. They are negatively impacted by uncontrolled gathering and heavy grazing by livestock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevinç_KravkazVurdu2010-86">[84]</a>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus alatavicus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus aleppicus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus ancyrensis</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus banaticus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus biflorus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus cancellatus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus carpetanus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus cartwrightianus 'Albus'</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus caspius</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus chrysanthus 'Zwanenburg Bronze'</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus corsicus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus etruscus 'Zwanenburg'</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Crocus_flavus" title="Crocus flavus">Crocus flavus</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus goulimyi</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus graveolens</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus hyemalis</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus imperati 'De Jager'</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus kotschyanus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus laevigatus 'Fontenayi'</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus longiflorus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus malyi</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus minimus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus nevadensis</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus nudiflorus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus olivieri</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus pallasii</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus pulchellus</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus serotinus subsp. salzmannii</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus scharojanii</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus tournefortii</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus versicolor</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div>

The <a href="Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> of Crocus species begins with the <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>, <a href="Germination" title="Germination">germinating</a> to a <a href="Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a>, and a mature plant in 3–5 years, however seeds may remain dormant in the soil for several years. The germination stages were first described and illustrated by Maw in his 1886 monograph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw1886-48">[47]</a> In its first year, the crocus produces only a single leaf and creates a <a href="Corm" title="Corm">corm</a> covered by a thin tunic, about 5–8 mm in size, dependent on the species. In the northern hemisphere, the autumnal crocuses flower between September and November. The vernal (spring) crocuses flowering time depends both on climate and habitat, but is usually mid-winter to spring. Leaves may be <a href="Synanthous" class="mw-redirect" title="Synanthous">synanthous</a> (produced during flowering) or <a href="Hysteranthous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hysteranthous">hysteranthous</a> (when the flowers wither away).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelitto_et_al1990-87">[85]</a> In the summer, with hot and dry conditions the plant becomes dormant, with all the above ground parts dying back. Colder temperatures in winter then activate the corms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2015-9">[9]</a> Propagation occurs sexually by seed and asexually by small corms, called cormels or cormlets, produced in the axils of the corms (between tunic scales and body of corm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997-10">[10]</a> As the fruit capsule ripens, it emerges from the soil at the base of the flowering stem before <a href="Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscing</a> (splitting open) and releasing the seeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToogood2019-88">[86]</a> Seed dispersal may be enhanced by ants, at least in species with <a href="Arillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arillate">arillate</a> seeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998311-18">[18]</a>

At night and in overcast weather, the <a href="Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> closes. The <a href="Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> produces <a href="Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> which attracts <a href="Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> (particularly female <a href="Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebees</a>) and <a href="Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998308-89">[87]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div>

Cultivated plants may have their corms consumed by mice and other <a href="Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201117-90">[88]</a> including <a href="Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilman201036–7-91">[89]</a> and <a href="Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>. They are also attacked by mildew, gray mold, botrytis, and fusarium rot. Root rot may also occur, caused by Stromatinia gladioli and <a href="Pythium" title="Pythium">Pythium</a> species. The nematode <a href="Pratylenchus_penetrans" title="Pratylenchus penetrans">Pratylenchus penetrans</a> may also cause root rot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201135-92">[90]</a> Viruses that are known to infect Crocus spp include: <a href="Potyvirus" title="Potyvirus">Potyviruses</a>, especially <a href="Bean_yellow_mosaic_virus" title="Bean yellow mosaic virus">bean yellow mosaic virus</a> and also <a href="Tobacco_rattle_virus" title="Tobacco rattle virus">tobacco rattle virus</a>, <a href="Tobacco_necrosis_virus_A" title="Tobacco necrosis virus A">tobaccos necrosis virus</a>, and <a href="Cucumber_mosaic_virus" title="Cucumber mosaic virus">cucumber mosaic virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaiolaFaoro2011-93">[91]</a> The foliage may experience rot, rust, and scab diseases and be fed upon by aphids, mites, snails, and slugs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillHill2012-94">[92]</a> The foliage is eaten by <a href="Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, <a href="Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>; the flowers are sometimes removed by birds, including <a href="Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw">jackdaws</a>, and <a href="Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201136-95">[93]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saffron">Saffron</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></div>

The economic importance of the genus is largely dependent on the single species, <a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">Crocus sativus</a>, now known only in cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanick_et_al2010-96">[94]</a> C. sativus is grown for the production of <a href="Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, an orange-red derivative of its dried <a href="Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>, and among the most expensive spices in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">[53]</a> The estimated worldwide production of C. sativus plants is 205 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a> About 180,000 stigmas from 60,000 flowers are required to produce 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) saffron, which sells for about US$10,000 (2018). Modern saffron production is widely cultivated in <a href="Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and the Mediterranean from Spain to Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a> An important center is the <a href="Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> town of <a href="Krokos" title="Krokos">Krokos</a>, in the Kozani region of Greece. The saffron product, Krokos Kozanis is a PDO (<a href="Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected Designation of Origin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2022-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegbi1999-98">[96]</a> Production is largely indigenous and Iran accounts for 65% of global production, covering 72,162 ha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a>

Saffron is thought to have been used in <a href="Embalming" title="Embalming">embalming</a> in <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. It is mentioned in the <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, in the <a href="Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> as a precious spice and has featured as a dye and fragrance throughout written history, with mention in the <a href="Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a>

Cultivation and harvesting of C. sativus for saffron was first documented in the Mediterranean, notably on the island of <a href="Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. <a href="Fresco" title="Fresco">Frescos</a> showing them are found there at the <a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> site of <a href="Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, as well as from the comparably aged <a href="Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> site on the <a href="Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> island of <a href="Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrakoli2021-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalyvou200571-100">[98]</a> and formed an important part of the Minoan economy and culture and had both a sacred role and use as a <a href="Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drug</a> and <a href="Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2015-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetancourt2007-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a> Women still gather crocuses in the Akrotiri region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalyvou200517-103">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticulture_and_floriculture">Horticulture and floriculture</h3></div>

Crocuses were described in Turkish gardens in the early sixteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles201172-104">[102]</a> gathered from the far reaches of the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles2011169-105">[103]</a> where they were seen by visiting European botanists and explorers, among the first of whom was <a href="Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Pierre Belon</a> who arrived in Constantinople in 1547. The first crocus seen in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where crocus species were not native, were from corms brought to Vienna in 1562 from Constantinople by the Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to the <a href="Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, <a href="Ogier_Ghiselin_de_Busbecq" title="Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq">Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq</a>. A few corms were forwarded to <a href="Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a> at the <a href="Hortus_Botanicus_Leiden" title="Hortus Botanicus Leiden">botanical garden</a> in <a href="Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2022-20">[20]</a> These were almost certainly cultivated varieties rather than wild species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1976-106">[104]</a> European visitors to Turkey continued to bring back specimens for gardens in their own country. Prominent among the latter were the gardens at <a href="Middelburg%2C_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a> in the Netherlands. Jehan Somer, a Middelburg merchant, brought back crocuses among his other specimens in 1592, where they attracted the attention not only of Clusius but of the early Dutch flower painters, notably <a href="Ambrosius_Bosschaert" title="Ambrosius Bosschaert">Ambrosius Bosschaert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles201187-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldgar200822-108">[106]</a> By 1620, new garden varieties had been developed, and featured in contemporary illustrations, such as that of <a href="Van_de_Passe_family" title="Van de Passe family">Crispijn van de Passe</a> in his Hortus floridus of 1614.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles201187-107">[105]</a> There are accounts of crocus gardens in the seventeenth century, such as the Saffron Garth of Walter Stonehouse at <a href="Darfield%2C_South_Yorkshire" title="Darfield, South Yorkshire">Darfield</a>, Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles2011204-109">[107]</a>

Crocuses are among the most important <a href="Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental</a> <a href="Geophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophytes">geophytes</a> in the global flower industry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamenetskyOkubo2012xv-110">[108]</a> ranking sixth in terms of Dutch bulb production (2003–2008) with 463–668 <a href="Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a> under cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al20122-111">[109]</a> The crocus is one of the most popular flowers found in the garden in the late winter and early spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2022-20">[20]</a> About 30 of the species are cultivated, among the most popular being <a href="Crocus_chrysanthus" title="Crocus chrysanthus">C. chrysanthus</a>, C. flavus, <a href="Crocus_sieberi" title="Crocus sieberi">C. sieberi</a>, <a href="Crocus_tommasinianus" title="Crocus tommasinianus">C. tommasinianus</a> and C. vernus, together with hundreds of cultivars derived from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2022-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">[8]</a> Both fall and spring blooming crocuses are cultivated for their flowers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViette_et_al2015-112">[110]</a> Among the first flowers to bloom in spring, their flowering time can vary from fall to the late winter blooming C. tommasinianus; the earliest fall blooming species, C. scharojanii, may flower during the last weeks of July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201168-113">[111]</a>

The varieties cultivated for decoration in gardens and pots mainly represent six species: C. vernus, C. chrysanthus, C. flavus, C. sieberi, C. speciosus and C. tommasinianus. During the horticulture production year 2009/2010, more than 70 cultivars were grown in Holland, covering an area of 366 <a href="Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>; the most common ones were 'Flower Record' and 'King of the Stripes' which accounted for 42 hectares, other species grown included C. chrysanthus, C. tommasinianus, and C. flavus - all are spring blooming plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al201281-114">[112]</a> But the most commonly grown plants are the Dutch hybrids with large flowers in a rich palette of colors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush-Brown_et_al1996-115">[113]</a>

Both sexual and asexual means are used to increase the number of plants; seeds and multiplication of corms are the most common means of production, but <a href="Plant_tissue_culture" title="Plant tissue culture">tissue culture</a> can be used,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2021-116">[114]</a> most commonly for saffron crocus. New corms are formed on top of the older corm which withers away, and cormels are produced from axillary buds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al201281-114">[112]</a> The production of new plants begins with harvested corms in late June to early July, after being graded by corm size the corms are stored around 22 Celsius until early October when they are moved to 17 Celsius until planted later in October and November; flowering occurs in March and the flowers are not removed. Crocuses are also forced to produce flowering plants out of season and the most common species used are C. vernus and C. flavus, and most of the corms used for forcing come from the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh1992-117">[115]</a>

Spring flowering types are planted in fall, while fall-blooming types in late summer; typically, the corms are placed 3 to 4 inches deep in well-draining soil in areas with full sun exposure. They do not thrive in heavy clay soils or those that are damp, especially during their summer dormancy period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETenenbaum2003-118">[116]</a> Commercial crops are produced on raised beds and slopes, to ensure adequate drainage, while horticulturalists often plant on sand beds for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201120-119">[117]</a> Spring flowering types also do well in areas with deciduous trees, where they flower and produce leaves before the trees completely leaf-out. Crocuses are grown in USDA winter zones 3–8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrellHardiman2002-120">[118]</a> Not all species are hardy in the upper zones; C. sativus is winter hardy in USDA zones 6 through 8, and C. pulchellus is hardy in zones 5 through 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillHill2012-94">[92]</a>

Some are suitable for naturalizing in grass, but mowing off the foliage before it turns yellow produces short lived plants. Some crocuses, especially C. tommasinianus and its selected forms and hybrids (such as 'Whitewell Purple' and 'Ruby Giant'), seed prolifically and are ideal for naturalizing. They can, however, become weeds in <a href="Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock gardens</a>, where they will often appear in the middle of choice, mat-forming alpine plants, and can be difficult to remove. Crocus flowers and leaves are protected from frost by a waxy cuticle; in areas where snow and frost occasionally occur in the early spring, it is not uncommon to see early flowering crocuses blooming through a light late snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201117-90">[88]</a>

<div class="gallerytext">Field of flowering purple crocuses</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus 'E.A. Bowles', a C. chrysanthus hybrid</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocus <a href="Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Purple crocuses with closed flowers</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Crocuses appearing through the snow</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autumn_crocus">Autumn crocus</h3></div>

Autumn-flowering species of crocus that are <a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelitto_et_al1990-87">[85]</a>

<table>

<td>

<ul><li><a href="Crocus_banaticus" title="Crocus banaticus">C. banaticus</a> (syn. C. iridiflorus) zones 4-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_cancellatus" title="Crocus cancellatus">C. cancellatus</a> zones 6-7</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_cartwrightianus" title="Crocus cartwrightianus">C. cartwrightianus</a> zone 8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_goulimyi" title="Crocus goulimyi">C. goulimyi</a> zone 7-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_hadriaticus" title="Crocus hadriaticus">C. hadriaticus</a> zone 8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_kotschyanus" title="Crocus kotschyanus">C. kotschyanus</a> (syn. C. zonatus) zones 5-8</li></ul>

</td>

<td>

<ul><li><a href="Crocus_laevigatus" title="Crocus laevigatus">C. laevigatus</a> zones 8-9</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_ligusticus" title="Crocus ligusticus">C. ligusticus</a> (syn. C. medius ) zone 5-6</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_longiflorus" title="Crocus longiflorus">C. longiflorus</a> zones 6-7</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_niveus" title="Crocus niveus">C. niveus</a> zones 6-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_nudiflorus" title="Crocus nudiflorus">C. nudiflorus</a> zones 5-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_ochroleucus" title="Crocus ochroleucus">C. ochroleucus</a> zones 6-8</li></ul>

</td>

<td>

<ul><li><a href="Crocus_pulchellus" title="Crocus pulchellus">C. pulchellus</a> zones 6-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">C. sativus</a> (saffron crocus) zones 5-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_scharojanii" title="Crocus scharojanii">C. scharojanii</a> zones 6-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_serotinus" title="Crocus serotinus">C. serotinus</a> zones 6-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_speciosus" title="Crocus speciosus">C. speciosus</a> zones 3-8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_tournefortii" title="Crocus tournefortii">C. tournefortii</a> zone 8</li>

<li><a href="Crocus_vallicola" title="Crocus vallicola">C. vallicola</a></li></ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

C. laevigatus has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.

<a href="Colchicum_autumnale" title="Colchicum autumnale">Colchicum autumnale</a> is commonly known as "autumn crocus", but is a member of the plant family <a href="Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a>, and not a true crocus (of the family Iridaceae).

The corms of crocuses have been used as foodstuffs in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998314-121">[119]</a> The carotenoids found in the styles of Crocus species, particularly C. sativus have been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, and have led to interest in potential pharmaceutical applications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

The crocus or krokos has been known since ancient times, and used in <a href="Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, such as the <a href="Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> wall paintings in Santorini from ca. 1,600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrakoli2021-99">[97]</a> Representations of the saffron crocus appear frequently in Minoan art<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2015-101">[99]</a> and pervade Aegean art from the <a href="Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> to the <a href="Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2011-122">[120]</a> <a href="Theophrastos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophrastos">Theophrastos</a> (4th century BC) described the saffron crocus as being valued as a spice and dye, while <a href="Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> compares a sunrise to the flower colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al20123–4-123">[121]</a> Saffron coloured robes were much admired by women in antiquity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1859214,_384,_856,_892-124">[122]</a> and gave the garment Crocota its name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1859369–370-125">[123]</a> The oil was also valued as a cosmetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith18591214-126">[124]</a> According to Greek legend Crocus or <a href="Krokus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krokus (mythology)">Krokus</a> (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Κρόκος), was a mortal youth the gods turned into a plant bearing his name, the crocus, after his death caused by his great desire and unfulfilled love for the shepherdess <a href="Smilax_(mythology)" title="Smilax (mythology)">Smilax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehnerLehner2003-127">[125]</a> Other versions state that as he died three tears fell into the flower becoming its three stigmata.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz1850-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2022-97">[95]</a>

Crocuses occur in many flower paintings, one of the earliest being that of <a href="Ambrosius_Bosschaert" title="Ambrosius Bosschaert">Ambrosius Bosschaert</a>'s Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers (1620). In this painting the cream-colored crocus feathered with bronze at the base of the bouquet reflected varieties on the market at that time. Bosschaert, working from a preparatory drawing to paint his composed piece spanning the whole of spring, exaggerated the crocus so that it passes for a tulip, but its narrow, grass-like leaves give it away.

The crocus is used in many contexts to symbolically denote spring and new beginnings. For instance, it was used as the emblem of the <a href="2019_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup">2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> in <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> to symbolise the emergence of new talent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIFA2018-129">[127]</a>

<div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Crocus in art</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Woman picking saffron crocus c.1400 (<a href="Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:61px;max-width:61px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers <a href="Ambrosius_Bosschaert" title="Ambrosius Bosschaert">Ambrosius Bosschaert</a> c.1620</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Saffron crocus <a href="Van_de_Passe_family" title="Van de Passe family">Crispijn van de Passe</a>, 1614</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Decorative Landscape with Crocuses <a href="Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Grant Wood</a>, 1912</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> As a perfume (ἀρωμάτων) "καὶ πρὸς τούτοις τὸ κρόκινον· βέλτιστος δ’ ἐν Αἰγίνῃ καὶ Κιλικίᾳ (the saffron-perfume; the crocus which produces this is best in Aegina and Cilicia)". He also refers to the crocus as a spice (at 34), the word being interchangeable for either use<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1996b-23">[23]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="Peter_Goldblatt" title="Peter Goldblatt">Goldblatt</a> originally described this tribe in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al2006-50">[49]</a> but in 2011 renamed it Ixieae, having discovered that this name had precedence<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblattManning2011-51">[50]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWCLSPF2022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWCLSPF2022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWCLSPF2022_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWCLSPF2022">WCLSPF 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998295–296-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998295–296_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, pp. 295–296.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeerow201223-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeerow201223_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeerow2012">Meerow 2012</a>, p. 23.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998_4-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao_et_al2004_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhao_et_al2004">Zhao et al 2004</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998297-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998297_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, p. 297.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudallMathew1990-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudallMathew1990_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudallMathew1990">Rudall & Mathew 1990</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafi_et_al2018_8-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKafi_et_al2018">Kafi et al 2018</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2015-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2015_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2015_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2015">Kerndorff et al 2015</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabberley1997_10-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMabberley1997">Mabberley 1997</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998307-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998307_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998307_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, p. 307.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliMathew2011-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliMathew2011_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAliMathew2011">Ali & Mathew 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998306,_309–310-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998306,_309–310_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, pp. 306, 309–310.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020">Koocheki & Khajeh-Hosseini 2020</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2013_15-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarpke_et_al2013">Harpke et al 2013</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENCBI2022a-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCBI2022a_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNCBI2022a">NCBI 2022a</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENCBI2022b-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCBI2022b_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNCBI2022b">NCBI 2022b</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998311-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998311_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998311_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, p. 311.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohtashami_et_al2021-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohtashami_et_al2021_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohtashami_et_al2021">Mohtashami et al 2021</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2022-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2022_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2022_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2022_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2022_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2022_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2022">Harris 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEServiss_et_al2016-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEServiss_et_al2016_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFServiss_et_al2016">Serviss et al 2016</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaiolaCanini2010-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaiolaCanini2010_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaiolaCanini2010">Caiola & Canini 2010</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1996b-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1996b_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1996b">Liddell & Scott 1996b</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegbi1989-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegbi1989_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegbi1989">Negbi 1989</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBL2022-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBL2022_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBL2022">BL 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord2005111-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord2005111_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavord2005">Pavord 2005</a>, p. 111.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1548-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1548_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1548">Turner 1548</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1597-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerard1597_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerard1597">Gerard 1597</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2016_30-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2016">Kerndorff et al 2016</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1656-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson1656_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkinson1656">Parkinson 1656</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEl'Obel1576-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEl'Obel1576_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFl'Obel1576">l'Obel 1576</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesler1640-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesler1640_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesler1640">Besler 1640</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaratti1772-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaratti1772_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaratti1772">Maratti 1772</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeruzzi_et_al2013-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeruzzi_et_al2013_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeruzzi_et_al2013_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeruzzi_et_al2013">Peruzzi et al 2013</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJussieu1789">Jussieu 1789</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaworth1820_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaworth1820">Haworth 1820</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabine1830-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabine1830_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabine1830_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabine1830_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabine1830">Sabine 1830</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert1847-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert1847_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert1847_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbert1847">Herbert 1847</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853161-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853161_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindley1853">Lindley 1853</a>, p. 161.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1874-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1874_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker1874">Baker 1874</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1883693-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1883693_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenthamHooker1883">Bentham & Hooker 1883</a>, p. 693.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw188622-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw188622_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaw1886">Maw 1886</a>, p. 22.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAPG_I1998">APG I 1998</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1803-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1803_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims1803">Sims 1803</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2001-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2001_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2001">Davies 2001</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaw1886-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw1886_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw1886_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw1886_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaw1886_48-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaw1886">Maw 1886</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasclef1890–1893-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasclef1890–1893_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasclef1890–1893">Masclef 1890–1893</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al2006-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al2006_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al2006_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al2006">Goldblatt et al 2006</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblattManning2011-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblattManning2011_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblattManning2011">Goldblatt & Manning 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998312-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998312_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998312_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, p. 312.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsRix198931-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsRix198931_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillipsRix1989">Phillips & Rix 1989</a>, p. 31.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen_et_al2008_55-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen_et_al2008">Petersen et al 2008</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew1986-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew1986_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathew1986">Mathew 1986</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERix2008-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERix2008_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRix2008">Rix 2008</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew1983-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew1983_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathew1983">Mathew 1983</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaca_et_al2020-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaca_et_al2020_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaca_et_al2020">Raca et al 2020</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECiftci_et_al2020-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiftci_et_al2020_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCiftci_et_al2020">Ciftci et al 2020</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandelovic_et_al2012-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandelovic_et_al2012_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandelovic_et_al2012_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRandelovic_et_al2012">Randelovic et al 2012</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2015-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2015_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2015_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarpke_et_al2015">Harpke et al 2015</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2016-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2016_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2016_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarpke_et_al2016">Harpke et al 2016</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoma-Marzio_et_al2018-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoma-Marzio_et_al2018_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoma-Marzio_et_al2018">Roma-Marzio et al 2018</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisonLarson2014-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisonLarson2014_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrisonLarson2014">Harrison & Larson 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew_et_al2009-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew_et_al2009_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew_et_al2009_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathew_et_al2009">Mathew et al 2009</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2014-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2014_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpke_et_al2014_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarpke_et_al2014">Harpke et al 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2014-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2014_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2014">Kerndorff et al 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2013-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerndorff_et_al2013_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2013">Kerndorff et al 2013</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman1986-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyman1986_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWyman1986">Wyman 1986</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGBIF2022-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGBIF2022_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGBIF2022">GBIF 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008278-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008278_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmitage2008">Armitage 2008</a>, p. 278.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowles1985154-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowles1985154_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowles1985">Bowles 1985</a>, p. 154.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkelRoosa20097-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkelRoosa20097_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunkelRoosa2009">Runkel & Roosa 2009</a>, p. 7.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelly1994-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelly1994_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkelly1994">Skelly 1994</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWencaiBartholomew2004-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWencaiBartholomew2004_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWencaiBartholomew2004">Wencai & Bartholomew 2004</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008843-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008843_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmitage2008">Armitage 2008</a>, p. 843.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1996a-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1996a_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1996a">Liddell & Scott 1996a</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurstHyam1995134-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurstHyam1995134_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPankhurstHyam1995">Pankhurst & Hyam 1995</a>, p. 134.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2022-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2022_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOED2022">OED 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2022-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2022_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper2022">Harper 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharifi2010-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharifi2010_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharifi2010">Sharifi 2010</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlora_Italiana2022-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlora_Italiana2022_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlora_Italiana2022">Flora Italiana 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1985-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1985_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInnes1985">Innes 1985</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201119-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201119_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuksans2011">Ruksans 2011</a>, p. 19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESevinç_KravkazVurdu2010-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevinç_KravkazVurdu2010_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSevinç_KravkazVurdu2010">Sevinç Kravkaz & Vurdu 2010</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelitto_et_al1990-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelitto_et_al1990_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelitto_et_al1990_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJelitto_et_al1990">Jelitto et al 1990</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToogood2019-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToogood2019_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToogood2019">Toogood 2019</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998308-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998308_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, p. 308.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201117-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201117_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201117_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuksans2011">Ruksans 2011</a>, p. 17.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilman201036–7-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeilman201036–7_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeilman2010">Heilman 2010</a>, pp. 36–7.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201135-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201135_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuksans2011">Ruksans 2011</a>, p. 35.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaiolaFaoro2011-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaiolaFaoro2011_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaiolaFaoro2011">Caiola & Faoro 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillHill2012-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillHill2012_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillHill2012_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHillHill2012">Hill & Hill 2012</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201136-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201136_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuksans2011">Ruksans 2011</a>, p. 36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanick_et_al2010-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanick_et_al2010_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanick_et_al2010">Janick et al 2010</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2022-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2022_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2022_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEuropean_Commission2022">European Commission 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegbi1999-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegbi1999_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegbi1999">Negbi 1999</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrakoli2021-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrakoli2021_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrakoli2021_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrakoli2021">Trakoli 2021</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalyvou200571-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalyvou200571_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalyvou2005">Palyvou 2005</a>, p. 71.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewan2015-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewan2015_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewan2015_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDewan2015">Dewan 2015</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetancourt2007-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetancourt2007_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetancourt2007">Betancourt 2007</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalyvou200517-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalyvou200517_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalyvou2005">Palyvou 2005</a>, p. 17.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles201172-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilles201172_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilles2011">Willes 2011</a>, p. 72.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles2011169-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilles2011169_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilles2011">Willes 2011</a>, p. 169.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1976-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1976_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1976">Harvey 1976</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles201187-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilles201187_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilles201187_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilles2011">Willes 2011</a>, p. 87.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldgar200822-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldgar200822_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldgar2008">Goldgar 2008</a>, p. 22.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilles2011204-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilles2011204_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilles2011">Willes 2011</a>, p. 204.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamenetskyOkubo2012xv-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamenetskyOkubo2012xv_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamenetskyOkubo2012">Kamenetsky & Okubo 2012</a>, p. xv.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al20122-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al20122_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hertogh_et_al2012">De Hertogh et al 2012</a>, p. 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViette_et_al2015-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViette_et_al2015_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViette_et_al2015">Viette et al 2015</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201168-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201168_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuksans2011">Ruksans 2011</a>, p. 68.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al201281-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al201281_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al201281_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hertogh_et_al2012">De Hertogh et al 2012</a>, p. 81.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush-Brown_et_al1996-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush-Brown_et_al1996_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBush-Brown_et_al1996">Bush-Brown et al 1996</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERana2021-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERana2021_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRana2021">Rana 2021</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh1992-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh1992_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hertogh1992">De Hertogh 1992</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETenenbaum2003-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenenbaum2003_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTenenbaum2003">Tenenbaum 2003</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuksans201120-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuksans201120_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuksans2011">Ruksans 2011</a>, p. 20.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrellHardiman2002-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrellHardiman2002_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrellHardiman2002">Burrell & Hardiman 2002</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998314-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldblatt_et_al1998314_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998">Goldblatt et al 1998</a>, p. 314.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2011-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2011_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2011">Day 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al20123–4-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hertogh_et_al20123–4_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Hertogh_et_al2012">De Hertogh et al 2012</a>, pp. 3–4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1859214,_384,_856,_892-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1859214,_384,_856,_892_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1859">Smith 1859</a>, pp. 214, 384, 856, 892.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1859369–370-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1859369–370_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1859">Smith 1859</a>, pp. 369–370.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith18591214-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith18591214_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1859">Smith 1859</a>, p. 1214.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehnerLehner2003-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehnerLehner2003_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehnerLehner2003">Lehner & Lehner 2003</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz1850-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz1850_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz1850">Schmitz 1850</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIFA2018-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIFA2018_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFIFA2018">FIFA 2018</a>.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFBetancourt2007" class="citation book cs1">Betancourt, Philip P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4cIEAAAQBAJ">Introduction to Aegean Art</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="INSTAP" class="mw-redirect" title="INSTAP">INSTAP</a> Academic Press (Institute for Aegean Prehistory). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62303-086-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldgar2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldgar, Anne (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gViwLbCJ7X0C">Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age</a>. <a href="University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-30130-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Peter_Goldblatt" title="Peter Goldblatt">Goldblatt, P</a>; <a href="John_Charles_Manning" title="John Charles Manning">Manning, J C</a>; <a href="Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, P</a> (1998). "Iridaceae: 61 Crocus L.". In <a href="Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a>; <a href="Herbert_Huber_(botanist)" title="Herbert Huber (botanist)">Huber, Herbert</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC">Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</a>. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin: <a href="Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. 330–331. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-64060-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrey-WilsonMathew1981" class="citation book cs1">Grey-Wilson, C.; <a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxRIAAAAYAAJ">Bulbs: the bulbous plants of Europe and their allies</a>. Illustrated by Marjorie Blamey. London: <a href="William_Collins%2C_Sons" title="William Collins, Sons">Collins</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-00-219211-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHeilman2010" class="citation book cs1">Heilman, Christine, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-loMXA1N_YC">Simple Steps to Success: Pests and Diseases</a> (US ed.). NY: Royal Horticultural Society; Dorling Kindersley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7566-6996-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFInnes1985" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Clive (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCAmAQAAMAAJ">The World of Iridaceae: A Comprehensive Record</a>. <a href="Ashington%2C_West_Sussex" title="Ashington, West Sussex">Ashington</a>, Sussex: Holly Gate International. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-948236-01-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJelitto_et_al1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jelitto, Leo; Schacht, Wilhelm; Fessler, Alfred (1990) [1950 Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart]. "Crocus L. Iridaceae". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utVnAQAACAAJ">Hardy Herbaceous Perennials</a> [Die Freiland-Schmuckstauden]. Vol. 1 A–K. trans. Michael E Epp (3rd. ed.). <a href="Portland%2C_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>: <a href="Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. pp. 168–174. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-88192-159-5</bdi>.</cite>(Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardyherbaceousp0000jeli">here</a> at <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKamenetskyOkubo2012" class="citation book cs1">Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC">Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production</a>. CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4398-4924-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKoochekiKhajeh-Hosseini2020" class="citation book cs1">Koocheki, Alireza; Khajeh-Hosseini, Mohammad, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8i2DwAAQBAJ">Saffron: Science, Technology and Health</a>. Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. <a href="Woodhead_Publishing" title="Woodhead Publishing">Woodhead Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-818740-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLehnerLehner2003" class="citation book cs1">Lehner, Ernst; Lehner, Johanna (2003) [1960 Tudor Publishing]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1MsNIoiFOcC&pg=PA56">"The Crocus"</a>. Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants and Trees. <a href="Courier_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Corporation">Courier Corporation</a>. p. 56. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-42978-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMathew1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (1983) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQwmAQAAMAAJ">The Crocus: A Revision of the Genus Crocus (Iridaceae)</a>. Portland, Oregon: <a href="Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-917304-23-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNegbi1999" class="citation book cs1">Negbi, Moshe, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLSGgd9sEOUC">Saffron: Crocus sativus L.</a> <a href="CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-203-30366-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKafi_et_al2018" class="citation book cs1">Kafi, Muhammad; Kamili, Azra N; Husaini, Amjad N; et al. (2018). "An expensive spice saffron (Crocus sativus L.): A Case Study from Kashmir, Iran and Turkey". In Ozturk, Munir; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Ashraf, Muhammad; Ahmad, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC1bDwAAQBAJ">Global Perspectives on Underutilized Crops</a>. <a href="Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. 109–150. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-77776-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPalyvou2005" class="citation book cs1">Palyvou, Clairy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAQVEAAAQBAJ">Akrotiri, Thera: An Architecture of Affluence 3,500 Years Old</a>. <a href="INSTAP" class="mw-redirect" title="INSTAP">INSTAP</a> Academic Press (Institute for Aegean Prehistory). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62303-068-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPavord2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Anna_Pavord" title="Anna Pavord">Pavord, Anna</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qksX1BeWkqcC">The naming of names the search for order in the world of plants</a>. New York: <a href="Bloomsbury_Publishing_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Publishing USA">Bloomsbury Publishing USA</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59691-965-5</bdi>.</cite>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvP92qGbI08C">additional excerpts</a>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRanđelovićHill1990" class="citation book cs1">Ranđelović, Novica; Hill, David A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4wGSAAACAAJ">The Genus Crocus L. in Serbia</a>. Belgrade: <a href="Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-86-7025-117-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRudall1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2-4zQEACAAJ">Anatomy of the Monocotyledons: VIII Iridaceae</a>. Oxford: <a href="Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0198545040</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSevinç_KravkazVurdu2010" class="citation book cs1">Sevinç Kravkaz, I.; Vurdu, H. (2010). "Botany of Crocus ancyrensis through Domestication". In Tsimidou, Maria Z.; Polissiou, Moschos; Fernández, José Antonio (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ishs.org/ishs-book/850">Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Saffron: Forthcoming Challenges in Cultivation, Research and Economics, Krokos, Greece, May 20 2009</a>. <a href="International_Society_for_Horticultural_Science" title="International Society for Horticultural Science">ISHS</a> 850. pp. 61–65. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-6605-732-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRunkelRoosa2009" class="citation book cs1">Runkel, Sylvan T.; Roosa, Dean M. (2009) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyLjHnUap0UC">Wildflowers of the Tallgrass Prairie: The Upper Midwest</a> (2nd. ed.). <a href="University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58729-844-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRuksans2011" class="citation book cs1">Ruksans, Janis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pqFWjcZphMC&pg=PA17">Crocuses: A Complete Guide to the Genus</a>. <a href="Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60469-106-1</bdi>.</cite>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/Crocuses-Complete-Guide-Janis-Ruksans/dp/1604691069">excerpts available here</a>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gardening,_horticulture_and_floriculture">Gardening, horticulture and floriculture</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2008" class="citation book cs1">Armitage, Allan M. (2008). "Crocus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kA6VgfxsstIC">Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture, and Garden Attributes</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="Cool_Springs_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool Springs Press">Cool Springs Press</a>. pp. 301–308. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61058-380-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBowles1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Edward_Augustus_Bowles" title="Edward Augustus Bowles">Bowles, E. A.</a> (1985) [1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9tFAAAAYAAJ">A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners</a>. Waterstone. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-947752-26-2</bdi>.</cite>(1st ed. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofcrocus00bowl">here</a> at <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBurrellHardiman2002" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, C Colston; Hardiman, Lucy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ4lbhOI13sC&pg=PA70">"Encyclopedia of Spring-Blooming Bulbs: Crocus pp. 68–70"</a>. In Hanson, Beth (ed.). Spring-blooming Bulbs: An A to Z Guide to Classic and Unusual Bulbs for Your Spring Garden. 21st-Century Gardening, No. 173. <a href="Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a>. pp. 52–100. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-889538-54-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBush-Brown_et_al1996" class="citation book cs1">Bush-Brown, Louise; Bush-Brown, James; Irwin, Howard S. (1996) [1939]. "Crocus Spp. and Cvs.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nk6AQAAIAAJ">America's Garden Book</a>. New York: <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 388. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-02-860995-9</bdi>.</cite>(Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgardenbo00bush_0">here</a> at <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Hertogh1992" class="citation book cs1">De Hertogh, August (1992) [1980]. "Bulbous and tuberous plants". In Larson, Roy A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYDNCgAAQBAJ">Introduction to Floriculture</a> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 197–223. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4832-6998-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHillHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Lewis; Hill, Nancy (2012) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_5KHXvqyOYC&pg=PA249">"Crocus"</a>. The Flower Gardener's Bible: A Complete Guide to Colorful Blooms All Season Long: 400 Favorite Flowers, Time-Tested Techniques, Creative Garden Designs, and a Lifetime of Gardening Wisdom (10th Anniversary ed.). North Adams, MA: <a href="Storey_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Storey Publishing">Storey Publishing</a>. p. 249. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60342-807-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMathew1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Sk8PQAACAAJ">Flowering Bulbs for the Garden</a>. <a href="Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-600-35175-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsRix1989" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roger; <a href="Martyn_Rix" title="Martyn Rix">Rix, Martyn</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o_7wAAAAMAAJ">The Random House Book of Bulbs</a>. <a href="Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-679-72756-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFToogood2019" class="citation book cs1">Toogood, Alan, ed. (2019) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhfEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265">"Crocus"</a>. Propagating Plants: How to Create New Plants for Free (Revised ed.). <a href="DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">Dorling Kindersley</a> (<a href="Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>). p. 265. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4654-9898-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFViette_et_al2015" class="citation book cs1">Viette, Andre; Viette, Mark; Heriteau, Jacqueline (2015) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPf6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"Crocus"</a>. Mid-Atlantic Getting Started Garden Guide: Grow the Best Flowers, Shrubs, Trees, Vines & Groundcovers (Revised ed.). <a href="Cool_Springs_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool Springs Press">Cool Springs Press</a>. p. 47. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59186-435-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMathew2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (2011) [1984]. "Crocus Linnaeus". In Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC">The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass</a>. Vol. 1. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 270–277. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-76147-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilles2011" class="citation book cs1">Willes, Margaret (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAxLU3bo3kwC">The Making of the English Gardener: Plants, Books and Inspiration, 1560-1660</a>. <a href="Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-16382-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dictionaries_and_encyclopedias">Dictionaries and encyclopedias</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHarper2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harper, Douglas (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/crocus">"Crocus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite>, (link note|note=see also <a href="Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31364949_0001">A Greek-English Lexicon 2 vols</a>. Revised by <a href="Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Henry Stuart Jones</a> (9th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-864226-8</bdi>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite>, (see also <a href="A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a>)

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1996a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liddell; Scott (1996a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkro%2Fkos">κρόκος , ὁ</a>. Vol. 1. p. 998.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1996b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liddell; Scott (1996b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)rwmati%2Fzw">ἀρωμα^τ</a>. Vol. 1. p. 254.</cite></li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMabberley1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mabberley, D. J. (1997) [1987]. "Crocus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC">The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 194. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-41421-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPankhurstHyam1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pankhurst, Roger; Hyam, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywIPQgAACAAJ">Plants and their names: a concise dictionary</a>. Oxford: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-866189-4</bdi>.</cite>(Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantstheirnames0000hyam">here</a> at <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSkelly1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skelly, Carole J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oOjGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT444">"Pulsatilla"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oOjGBQAAQBAJ">Dictionary of Herbs, Spices, Seasonings, and Natural Flavorings</a>. <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-51420-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTenenbaum2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tenenbaum, Frances, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=557KJL0TC48C&pg=PA118">"Crocus"</a>. Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. <a href="Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. pp. 118–119. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-618-22644-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWyman1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wyman, Donald (1986) [1971]. "Crocus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSExQDJtQ7AC">Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia</a> (2nd. ed.). <a href="Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. 272–274. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-02-632070-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOED2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110231351/https://www.lexico.com/definition/crocus">Crocus</a>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 20 September 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-920687-2</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/crocus">the original</a> on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite encyclopedia}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1850" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="Leonhard_Schmitz" title="Leonhard Schmitz">Schmitz, Leonhard</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=P896">"Crocus"</a>. In <a href="William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoUOAAAAQAAJ">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 2 vols</a>. Vol. I: Abaeus-Dysponteus. London: Taylor and Walton. p. 896.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LscPAAAAYAAJ">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a> (2nd. ed.). Boston: <a href="Little%2C_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_sources_(chronological)">Historical sources (chronological)</h4></div>

<dl><dt>Antiquity</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTheophrastus1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (1916) [4th century BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theophrastusiien00theo/page/350/mode/2up">"6. Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of the composition of various notable perfumes, section 27"</a>. In Hort, Arthur (ed.). Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία: (Περὶ ὀσμῶν; De Odoribus) [Enquiry into Plants: Concerning odours]. <a href="Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Vol. II. London and New York: <a href="William_Heinemann" title="William Heinemann">William Heinemann</a> and <a href="G._P._Putnam's_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G.P. Putnam's Sons</a>. pp. 324–489. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-99077-7</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)(also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Theophrastus/De_odoribus*.html">here</a> on Penelope)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>14th century</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBL2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="British_Library" title="British Library">BL</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8319&CollID=28&NStart=747">"Detailed record for Egerton 747 (ca. 1300–1330)"</a>. Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTurner1548" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">Turner, William</a> (1548). "Crocus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYIrUD8lP90C">The Names of Herbes</a> (1881 ed.). London: <a href="English_Dialect_Society" title="English Dialect Society">English dialect society</a>. p. 31.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFl'Obel1576" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Matthias_de_l'Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">l'Obel, Matthias de</a> (1576). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37879#page/737/mode/1up">"Crocus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7094#/summary">Plantarum, seu, Stirpium historia. Cui annexum est aduersariorum volumen</a> (in Latin). Antwerp: <a href="Christophori_Plantini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christophori Plantini">Christophori Plantini</a>. p. 53.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGerard1597" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">Gerard, John</a> (1597). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000817749/page/122/mode/2up">"80. Of Saffron"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000817749">The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes</a> (1st ed.). London: John Norton. pp. 123–131.</cite> (<a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> version: also here at <a href="Botanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanicus">Botanicus</a> and here at <a href="Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a>)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBesler1640" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Basilius_Besler" title="Basilius Besler">Besler, Basilius</a> (1640) [1613]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45339#/summary">Hortus Eystettensis, sive, Diligens et accurata omnium plantarum, florum, stirpium: ex variis orbis terrae partibus, singulari studio collectarum, quae in celeberrimis viridariis arcem episcopalem ibidem cingentibus, olim conspiciebantur delineatio et ad vivum repraesentatio et advivum repraesentatio opera</a> (in Latin). Nürnberg.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1656" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Parkinson_(botanist)" title="John Parkinson (botanist)">Parkinson, John</a> (1656). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/69836">"Crocus saffron"</a>. Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, or, A Choise Garden of All Sorts of Rarest Flowers with their Nature, Place of Birth, Time of Flowering, Names, and Vertues to Each Plant, Useful in Physic or Admired for Beauty: To which is Annext a Kitchin-Garden Furnished with All Manner of Herbs, Roots, and Fruits, for Meat or Sauce Used with Us, with the Art of Planting an Orchard... All Unmentioned in Former Herbals. London: Printed by R.N. and are to be sold by Richard Thrale at his shop at the signe of the Cross-Keys at S. Pauls-gate, going into Cheap-side. pp. 160–170.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/48/mode/1up">"Crocus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</a>. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 36.</cite>, see also <a href="Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMaratti1772" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Maratti" class="extiw external" title="es:Giovanni Francesco Maratti">Maratti, Giovanni Francesco</a> [in Spanish] (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ik0aAAAAYAAJ">Plantarum Romuleae, et Saturniae in agro Romano existentium: specificas notas describit inventor</a> (in Latin). Rome: Typis Archangeli Casaletti.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJussieu1789" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de</a> (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/154/mode/1up">"Crocus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125">Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV</a> (in Latin). Paris. p. 59. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5161409">5161409</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLindley1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley, John</a> (1853) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary">The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system</a> (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBenthamHooker1883" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, G.</a>; <a href="Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, J.D.</a> (1883). "Crocus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/254/mode/1up">Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</a>. Vol. III Part II. London: L Reeve & Co. p. 693.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMaw1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Maw_%26_Co" title="Maw & Co">Maw, George</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15481">A monograph of the genus Crocus. With an appendix on the etymology of the words crocus and saffron by C.C. Lacaita</a>. London: Dulau and Co.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNature1887" class="citation journal cs1">Nature (February 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F035348a0">"The Crocus"</a>. Nature (Review). 35 (902): 348–349. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1887Natur..35..348.">1887Natur..35..348.</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F035348a0">10.1038/035348a0</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4091523">4091523</a>.</cite></li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMasclef1890–1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Masclef" title="Amédée Masclef">Masclef, Amédée</a> (1890–1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/146304">Atlas des plantes de France 3 vols</a>. Vol. 3. p. 328.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Hertogh_et_al2012" class="citation book cs1">De Hertogh, August A; van Scheepen, Johan; Le Nard, Marcel; Okubo, Hiroshi; Kamenetsky, Rina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA1">Globalization of the flower bulb industry</a>. CRC Press. pp. 1–16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439849248</bdi>.</cite>, in <a href="#CITEREFKamenetskyOkubo2012">Kamenetsky & Okubo (2012)</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMeerow2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alan_Meerow" title="Alan Meerow">Meerow, Alan W</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA17">Taxonomy and phylogeny</a>. CRC Press. pp. 17–56. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439849248</bdi>.</cite>, in <a href="#CITEREFKamenetskyOkubo2012">Kamenetsky & Okubo (2012)</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012" class="citation book cs1">Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA79">Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: II Crocus</a>. CRC Press. pp. 79–82. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439849248</bdi>.</cite>, in <a href="#CITEREFKamenetskyOkubo2012">Kamenetsky & Okubo (2012)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCaiolaCanini2010" class="citation journal cs1">Caiola, Maria Grilli; Canini, Antonella (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/2010/FPSB_4(SI2)/FPSB_4(SI2)1-14o.pdf">"Looking for Saffron's (Crocus sativus L.) Parents"</a> (PDF). Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology. 4 (2): 1–14.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCaiolaFaoro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Caiola, Maria Grilli; Faoro, Franco (2011). "Latent virus infections in Crocus sativus and Crocus cartwrightianus". <a href="Phytopathologia_Mediterranea" title="Phytopathologia Mediterranea">Phytopathologia Mediterranea</a>. 50 (2): 175–182. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26458691">26458691</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChallenger1986" class="citation journal cs1">Challenger, Charlie (March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/crocus.htm">"The Pleasures of Crocus"</a>. The New Zealand Garden Journal (Journal of the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture). 1 (1): 12–17.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDavies2001" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Kevin L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.wales/view/1225327/1225824/35#?xywh=-1752%2C-197%2C5933%2C3913">"The life and work of Sydenham Edwards FLS, Welshman, Botanical and Animal Draughtsman 1768-1819"</a>. <a href="Swansea_History_Journal" title="Swansea History Journal">Minerva - The Journal of Swansea History</a>. 9: 30–58.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDay2011" class="citation journal cs1">Day, Jo (2011). "Crocuses in context: A Diachronic Survey of the Crocus Motif in the Aegean Bronze Age". <a href="Hesperia_(journal)" title="Hesperia (journal)">Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</a>. 80 (3): 337. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2972%2Fhesperia.80.3.0337">10.2972/hesperia.80.3.0337</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165105395">165105395</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDewan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dewan, Rachel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Dewan%202015.pdf">"Bronze Age Flower Power: The Minoan Use and Social Significance of Saffron and Crocus Flowers"</a> (PDF). Chronika. 5: 42–55.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonLarson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Richard G.; Larson, Erica L. (1 December 2014). "Hybridization, Introgression, and the Nature of Species Boundaries". <a href="Journal_of_Heredity" title="Journal of Heredity">Journal of Heredity</a>. 105 (S1): 795–809. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesu033">10.1093/jhered/esu033</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25149255">25149255</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1976" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, John H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586521">"Turkey as a Source of Garden Plants"</a>. Garden History. 4 (3): 21–42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1586521">10.2307/1586521</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1243">0307-1243</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586521">1586521</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJanick_et_al2010" class="citation journal cs1">Janick, Jules; Daunay, Marie Christine; Paris, Harry (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.45.11.1592">"Horticulture and Health in the Middle Ages: Images from the Tacuinum Sanitatis"</a>. <a href="HortScience" class="mw-redirect" title="HortScience">HortScience</a>. 45 (11): 1592–1596. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.45.11.1592">10.21273/HORTSCI.45.11.1592</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86510163">86510163</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKandelerUllrich2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (25 November 2008). "Symbolism of plants: examples of European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: JANUARY: Crocus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (1): 6–8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fern360">10.1093/jxb/ern360</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19213723">19213723</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMathew1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (1986). "George Maw and his monograph". <a href="The_Kew_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kew Magazine">The Kew Magazine</a>. 3 (4): 186–189. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066517">45066517</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMohtashami_et_al2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mohtashami, Leila; Amiri, Mohammad Sadegh; Ramezani, Mahin; Emami, Seyed Ahmad; Simal-Gandara, Jesus (November 2021). "The genus Crocus L.: A review of ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology". Industrial Crops and Products. 171: 113923. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indcrop.2021.113923">10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113923</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNegbi1989" class="citation journal cs1">Negbi, Moshe (May 1989). "Theophrastus on geophytes". <a href="Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a>. 100 (1): 15–43. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1989.tb01708.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01708.x</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPastor-FérrizDe-los-Mozos-PascualRenau-MorataNebauer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor-Férriz, Teresa; De-los-Mozos-Pascual, Marcelino; Renau-Morata, Begoña; Nebauer, Sergio G.; Sanchis, Enrique; Busconi, Matteo; Fernández, José-Antonio; Kamenetsky, Rina; Molina, Rosa V. (3 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999489">"Ongoing Evolution in the Genus Crocus: Diversity of Flowering Strategies on the Way to Hysteranthy"</a>. Plants. 10 (3): 477. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants10030477">10.3390/plants10030477</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999489">7999489</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802494">33802494</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRix2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rix, Alison (May 2008). "George Maw, Joseph Hooker and the genus Crocus". <a href="Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a>. 25 (2): 176–187. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8748.2008.00616.x">10.1111/j.1467-8748.2008.00616.x</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRudallMathew1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula</a>; <a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (1990). "Leaf Anatomy in Crocus (Iridaceae)". <a href="Kew_Bulletin" title="Kew Bulletin">Kew Bulletin</a>. 45 (3): 535–544. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990KewBu..45..535R">1990KewBu..45..535R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4110516">10.2307/4110516</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4110516">4110516</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSharifi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sharifi, G. (January 2010). "Etymology, history and application of saffron (Crocus sativus l.) in ancient Iran". <a href="Acta_Horticulturae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Horticulturae">Acta Horticulturae</a> (850): 309–314. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2010.850.53">10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.850.53</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrakoli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Trakoli, Anna (16 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqab019">"Minoan Art, The 'Saffron Gatherers', c1650 BC"</a>. <a href="Occupational_Medicine_(Oxford_University_Press_journal)" title="Occupational Medicine (Oxford University Press journal)">Occupational Medicine</a>. 71 (3): 124–126. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkqab019">10.1093/occmed/kqab019</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRana2021" class="citation news cs1">Rana, Yudhvir (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-pradesh-set-for-commercial-cultivation-of-saffron/articleshow/83685219.cms">"Himachal Pradesh set for commercial cultivation of saffron"</a>. <a href="The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phylogeny_and_taxonomy">Phylogeny and taxonomy</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAPG_I1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279592674">"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"</a>. <a href="Annals_of_the_Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. 85 (4): 531–553. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2992015">10.2307/2992015</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992015">2992015</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAghighiravanShokrpourNazeriNaghavi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Aghighiravan, Fatemeh; Shokrpour, Majid; Nazeri, Vahideh; Naghavi, Mohammad Reza (July 2019). "Phylogenetic Assessment of Some Species of Crocus Genus Using DNA Barcoding". Journal of Genetic Resources. 5 (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22080%2Fjgr.2019.2408">10.22080/jgr.2019.2408</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCiftci_et_al2020" class="citation journal cs1">Çiftçi, Almila; Harpke, Doerte; Mollman, Rachel; Yildirim, Hasan; Erol, Osman (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340455322">"Notes on Crocus L. Series Flavi Mathew (Iridaceae) and a new species with unique corm structure"</a>. <a href="Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a>. 438 (2): 65–79. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.438.2.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.438.2.1</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216439891">216439891</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Peter_Goldblatt" title="Peter Goldblatt">Goldblatt, Peter</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/page/1459055">"Phylogeny and classification of Iridaceae"</a>. <a href="Annals_of_the_Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. 77 (4): 607–627. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2399667">10.2307/2399667</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399667">2399667</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Peter_Goldblatt" title="Peter Goldblatt">Goldblatt, P.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosa.uniroma1.it/rosa04/annali_di_botanica/article/view/9059">"Phylogeny and Classificationof the Iridaceae and the Relationships of Iris"</a>. Annali di Botanica. 58: 13–28. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2239-3129">2239-3129</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt_et_al2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Peter_Goldblatt" title="Peter Goldblatt">Goldblatt, Peter</a>; Davies, Jonathan; <a href="John_Charles_Manning" title="John Charles Manning">Manning, John</a>; van der Bank, Michelle; Savolainen, Vincent (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Faliso.20062201.32">"Phylogeny of Iridaceae Subfamily Crocoideae Based on a Combined Multigene Plastid DNA Analysis"</a>. Aliso. 22 (1): 399–411. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Faliso.20062201.32">10.5642/aliso.20062201.32</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldblattManning2011" class="citation journal cs1">Goldblatt, P.; Manning, J. C. (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fabc.v41i1.35">"Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 3. Sections Hyalis and Morphixia"</a>. <a href="African_Biodiversity_%26_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="African Biodiversity & Conservation">Bothalia</a>. 41 (1): 83–134. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fabc.v41i1.35">10.4102/abc.v41i1.35</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84534897">84534897</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarpke_et_al2013" class="citation journal cs1">Harpke, Dörte; Meng, Shuchun; Rutten, Twan; Kerndorff, Helmut; Blattner, Frank R. (March 2013). "Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution". <a href="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a>. 66 (3): 617–627. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MolPE..66..617H">2013MolPE..66..617H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2012.10.007">10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23123733">23123733</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarpke_et_al2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harpke, Dörte; Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Kerndorff, Helmut; Karamplianis, Theophanis; Constantinidis, Theophanis; Ranđelović, Vladimir; Ranđelović, Novica; Jušković, Marina; Pasche, Erich; Blattner, Frank R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3906%2Fbot-1405-60">"Phylogeny, geographic distribution, and new taxonomic circumscription of the Crocus reticulatus species group (Iridaceae)"</a>. Turkish Journal of Botany. 38: 1182–1198. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3906%2Fbot-1405-60">10.3906/bot-1405-60</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarpke_et_al2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harpke, Dörte; Carta, Angelino; Tomović, Gordana; Ranđelović, Vladimir; Ranđelović, Novica; Blattner, Frank R.; Peruzzi, Lorenzo (January 2015). "Phylogeny, karyotype evolution and taxonomy of Crocus series Verni (Iridaceae)". <a href="Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution" title="Plant Systematics and Evolution">Plant Systematics and Evolution</a>. 301 (1): 309–325. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PSyEv.301..309H">2015PSyEv.301..309H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-014-1074-0">10.1007/s00606-014-1074-0</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18507508">18507508</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarpke_et_al2016" class="citation journal cs1">Harpke, Dörte; Kerndorff, Helmut; Pasche, Erich; Peruzzi, Lorenzi (11 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.260.2.3">"Neotypification of the name Crocus biflorus Mill. (Iridaceae) and its consequences in the taxonomy of the genus"</a>. <a href="Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a>. 260 (2): 131–143. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.260.2.3">10.11646/phytotaxa.260.2.3</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, Helmut; Pasche, Erich; Harpke, Dörte (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0101_0003-0018.pdf">"Crocus isauricus Siehe ex BowleS (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) and its relatives"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 101: 3–18.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, Helmut; Pasche, Erich; Harpke, Dörte (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0103_0027-0065.pdf">"The Genus Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae): Lifecycle, Morphology, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Taxonomical Relevant Parameters"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 103: 27–65.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2015a" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, Helmut; Pasche, Erich; Harpke, Dörte (2015a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0103_0067-0080.pdf">"Crocus lyciotauricus Kerndorff & Pasche (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) and its relatives"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 103: 67–80.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, Helmut; Pasche, Erich; Harpke, Dörte (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_105_0042-0050.pdf">"The Genus Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae): Taxonomical Problems and How to Determine a Species Nowadays?"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 105: 42–5o.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMathew_et_al2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a>; Petersen, Gitte; Seberg, Ole (2009). "A reassessment of Crocus based on molecular analysis". The Plantsman. New Series. 8 (1): 50–57.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNemati_et_al2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nemati, Zahra; Blattner, Frank R.; Kerndorff, Helmut; Erol, Osman; Harpke, Dörte (October 2018). "Phylogeny of the saffron-crocus species group, Crocus series Crocus (Iridaceae)". <a href="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a>. 127: 891–897. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MolPE.127..891N">2018MolPE.127..891N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.036">10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.036</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29936028">29936028</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49409790">49409790</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPeruzzi_et_al2013" class="citation journal cs1">Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Carta, Angelino; Garbari, Fabio (22 October 2013). "Lectotypification of the name Crocus sativus var. vernus L. (Iridaceae) and its consequences within Crocus ser. Verni". <a href="Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a>. 62 (5): 1037–1040. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12705%2F625.7">10.12705/625.7</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPetersen_et_al2008" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Gitte; Seberg, Ole; Thorsøe, Sarah; Jørgensen, Tina; <a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066017">"A Phylogeny of the Genus Crocus (Iridaceae) Based on Sequence Data from Five Plastid Regions"</a>. <a href="Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a>. 57 (2): 487–499. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25066017">10.2307/25066017</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066017">25066017</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoma-Marzio_et_al2018" class="citation journal cs1">Roma-Marzio, Francesco; Harpke, Doerte; Peruzzi, Lorenzo (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fitalianbotanist.6.28729">"Rediscovery of Crocus biflorus var. estriatus (Iridaceae) and its taxonomic characterisation"</a>. <a href="Italian_Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Botanist">Italian Botanist</a>. 6: 23–30. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fitalianbotanist.6.28729">10.3897/italianbotanist.6.28729</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91370762">91370762</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFServiss_et_al2016" class="citation journal cs1">Serviss, Brett E.; Peck, James H.; Benjamin, Kristen R. (2016). "Crocus flavus: a new genus and species of non-native Iridaceae for the Arkansas (U.S.A.) flora". <a href="Journal_of_the_Botanical_Research_Institute_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas">Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas</a>. 10 (2): 513–516. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44858594">44858594</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yilmaz, Aykut (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21597%2Fjist.791414">"The Evaluations and Comparisons of Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Regions Based on Species Identification and Phylogenetic Relationships of Crocus L. Taxa"</a>. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 11 (2): 1504–1518. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21597%2Fjist.791414">10.21597/jist.791414</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234849841">234849841</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novel_taxa">Novel taxa</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHarpke_et_al2017" class="citation journal cs1">Harpke, Dörte; Kerndorff, Helmut; Raca, Irena; Pasche, Erich (23 September 2017). "A New Serbian Endemic Species Of The Genus Crocus (Iridaceae)". Biologica Nyssana. 8 (1): 7–13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.962907">10.5281/zenodo.962907</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorffPasche1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kerndorff, H; Pasche, E (31 July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/LBB_0029_1_0591-0600.pdf">"Zwei bemerkenswerte Taxa des Crocus biflorus-Komplexes (Iridaceae) aus der Nordosttürkei"</a> [Two remarkable taxa of the Crocus biflorus complex (Iridaceae) from northeastern Turkey] (PDF). Linzer Biologische Beitraege (in German) (1): 591–600.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorffPasche2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, H; Pasche, E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0095_0002-0005.pdf">"Two new taxa of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from Turkey"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 95: 2–5.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, H; Pasche, E; Harpke, D; Blattner, FR (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0097_0003-0016.pdf">"Seven New Species of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from Turkey"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 97: 3–16.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKerndorff_et_al2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kerndorff, H; Pasche, E; Blattner, FR; Harpke, D (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0099_0145-0158.pdf">"Fourteen New Species of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from West, South-West and South-Central Turkey"</a> (PDF). Stapfia. 99: 145–158.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMiljkovic_et_al2016" class="citation journal cs1">Miljković, Milica; Ranđelović, Vladimir; Harpke, Dörte (9 June 2016). "A new species of Crocus (Iridaceae) from southern Albania (SW Balkan Peninsula)". <a href="Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a>. 265 (1): 39–49. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.265.1.3">10.11646/phytotaxa.265.1.3</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPapanicolaouZacharof1980" class="citation journal cs1">Papanicolaou, K.; Zacharof, E. (17 January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurekamag.com/research/005/068/005068709.php">"Crocus in greece new taxa and chromosome numbers"</a>. <a href="Botaniska_Notiser" title="Botaniska Notiser">Botaniska Notiser</a>. 133 (2): 155–164.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPeruzzi_et_al2011" class="citation journal cs1">Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Carta, Angelino (February 2011). "Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)". <a href="Nordic_Journal_of_Botany" title="Nordic Journal of Botany">Nordic Journal of Botany</a>. 29 (1): 6–13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-1051.2010.01023.x">10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.01023.x</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRaca_et_al2020" class="citation journal cs1">Raca, Irena; Harpke, Dörte; Shuka, Lulëzim; Ranđelović, Vladimir (19 October 2020). "A new species of Crocus ser. Verni (Iridaceae) with 2 n = 12 chromosomes from the Balkans". Plant Biosystems. 156: 36–42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11263504.2020.1829735">10.1080/11263504.2020.1829735</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225006706">225006706</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRandelovic_et_al2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ranđelović, Novica; Ranđelović, Vladimir; Hristovski, Nikola (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235660562">"Crocus jablanicensis (Iridaceae), a new species from the Republic of Macedonia, Balkan Peninsula"</a>. <a href="Annales_Botanici_Fennici" title="Annales Botanici Fennici">Annales Botanici Fennici</a>. 49 (1–2): 99–102. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5735%2F085.049.0116">10.5735/085.049.0116</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3847">0003-3847</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23728141">23728141</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84237883">84237883</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Ingo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.44.44107">"Crocus brachyfilus (Iridaceae), a new species from southern Turkey"</a>. <a href="Willdenowia_(journal)" title="Willdenowia (journal)">Willdenowia</a>. 44 (1): 45–50. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.44.44107">10.3372/wi.44.44107</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0511-9618">0511-9618</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24750912">24750912</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86431711">86431711</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_accounts">Historical accounts</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBaker1874" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="John_Gilbert_Baker" title="John Gilbert Baker">Baker, John Gilbert</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/152500#page/129/mode/1up">"A Classified Synonymic List of all the Known Crocuses, with their Native Countries, and References to the Works where they are Figured"</a>. <a href="Journal_of_the_Royal_Horticultural_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London">Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London</a>. 4 (14): 111–119.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1787" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="William_Curtis" title="William Curtis">Curtis, William</a> (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7351#page/102/mode/1up">"Crocus vernus"</a>. <a href="Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a>. 2: T45.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHaworth1820" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Adrian_Haworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian Haworth">Haworth, Adrian</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/151339#page/145/mode/1up">"On the Cultivation of Crocuses, with a short Account of the different Species known at present. February 7, 1809"</a>. <a href="Transactions_of_the_Horticultural_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London">Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London</a>. 1. M. Bulmer & Co.: 122–139.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1847" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="William_Herbert_(botanist)" title="William Herbert (botanist)">Herbert, William</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43585461#page/267/mode/1up">"A History of the Species of Crocus"</a>. <a href="The_Journal_of_the_Horticultural_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of the Horticultural Society of London">The Journal of the Horticultural Society of London</a>. 2: 249–293.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSabine1830" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Joseph_Sabine" title="Joseph Sabine">Sabine, Joseph</a> (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/155840#page/482/mode/1up">"An Account and Description of the Species and most remarkable Varieties of Spring Crocuses, cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society. January 6, 1829"</a>. <a href="Transactions_of_the_Horticultural_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London">Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London</a>. 7: III: 419–432, IV: 433–498.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSims1803" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="John_Sims_(taxonomist)" title="John Sims (taxonomist)">Sims, John</a> (1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14296#page/139/mode/1up">"Crocus susianus. Cloth of Gold Crocus"</a>. <a href="Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine" title="Curtis's Botanical Magazine">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a>. 18: T652.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2022" class="citation web cs1">European Commission (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/eu-quality-food-and-drink/krokos-kozanis-pdo_en">"Krokos Kozanis PDO"</a>. Food, Farming, Fisheries: EU Quality Food and Drink. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFlora_Italiana2022" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Crocus">"Elenco delle specie - Genere: Crocus - Famiglia: Iridaceae"</a>. Flora Italiana. 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarris2022" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Stephen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/plants400/Profiles/cd/crocus">"Crocus species (Iridaceae)"</a>. Oxford University Plants 400. Department of Plant Sciences, <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFIFA2018" class="citation web cs1">FIFA (14 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u20worldcup/fifa-u-20-world-cup-poland-2019/news/emblem-and-match-schedule-for-poland-2019-unveiled">"Emblem and match schedule for Poland 2019 unveiled"</a>. Tournaments. FIFA. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPorcher2013" class="citation web cs1">Porcher, Michel H. (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Crocus.html">"Sorting Crocus names"</a>. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, <a href="Melbourne_School_of_Land_and_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne School of Land and Environment">Melbourne School of Land and Environment</a>, <a href="University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSözen2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sözen, İbrahim (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crocusmania.blogspot.com/">"The Country Of Crocuses"</a>. Crocusmania (in Turkish). Retrieved 23 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBoland2008" class="citation web cs1">Boland, Todd (20 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/977/">"Crocus to Brighten the Spring Garden"</a>. <a href="Dave's_Garden" title="Dave's Garden">Dave's Garden</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNCBI2022a" class="citation web cs1"><a href="NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a> (2022a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Crocin">"CID 5281233, Crocin"</a>. <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>. Bethesda MD: <a href="United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNCBI2022b" class="citation web cs1"><a href="NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a> (2022b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Crocetin">"CID 5281232, Crocetin"</a>. <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>. Bethesda MD: <a href="United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Distribution area of the genus Crocus subdivided into five different geographic regions (A-E)". <a href="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a> (Map). 66 (3): 617–627: Supplementary material. March 2013.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations_and_collections">Organisations and collections</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFIBS" class="citation web cs1"><a href="International_Bulb_Society" title="International Bulb Society">IBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060316/http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Crocus/Crocuslist.shtml">"Crocus"</a>. <a href="International_Bulb_Society" title="International Bulb Society">International Bulb Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Crocus/Crocuslist.shtml">the original</a> on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPBS2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Pacific_Bulb_Society" title="Pacific Bulb Society">PBS</a> (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Crocus">"Crocus"</a>. Photographs and Information. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBowles2022" class="citation web cs1">Bowles (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eabowlessociety.org.uk/crocus">"Crocus Collection"</a>. <a href="Edward_Augustus_Bowles" title="Edward Augustus Bowles">E. A. Bowles</a> of Myddelton House Society. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLonsdale" class="citation web cs1">Lonsdale, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225192223/http://www.thealpinegarden.com/thumbnailindexcrocus.htm">"Crocus"</a>. The Lonsdale Collection. The Alpine Garden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thealpinegarden.com/thumbnailindexcrocus.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLonsdale2022" class="citation web cs1">Lonsdale, John (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edgewoodgardens.net/crocuses/">"Crocuses"</a>. The Lonsdsale Garden. Edgewood Gardens. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoode2022" class="citation web cs1">Goode, Tony (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Crocus/">"Crocus Pages"</a>. <a href="Alpine_Garden_Society" title="Alpine Garden Society">Alpine Garden Society</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Databases_and_flora">Databases and flora</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWCLSPF2022" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=327117">"Crocus"</a>. <a href="World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a>. <a href="Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do?page=quickSearch&plantName=Crocus">List of Crocus species</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Flora of China

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFZhao_et_al2004" class="citation web cs1">Zhao, Yu-tang; Noltie, Henry J.; <a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian F.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108403">"Crocus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 36. 1753"</a>. p. 313. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite>, in <a href="Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">Flora of China online</a> vol. 24</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWencaiBartholomew2004" class="citation web cs1">Wencai, Wang; Bartholomew, Bruce (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=127637">"Pulsatilla Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. [1136]. 1754"</a>. p. 329. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite>, in <a href="Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">Flora of China online</a> vol. 6</li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAliMathew2011" class="citation web cs1">Ali, S. I.; <a href="Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40016737?projectid=32">"Crocus L."</a> <a href="Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">Flora of Pakistan</a>. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGBIF2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2747303">"Crocus L."</a> Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3894" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3894" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Crocus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157806" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q157806">Q157806</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crocus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Crocus">Crocus</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/55770">55770</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1380359">1380359</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000457717">NHMSYS0000457717</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CROCU">CROCU</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A20293-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20293-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40016737">40016737</a></li>

<li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1051">1051</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034216">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12295898m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12295898m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph520037&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000160172&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533416605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/5dc6ba9f-0e29-45b9-8c24-bfeee95c2a70">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Crocus&oldid=1299142451">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>